This article examines the complexities of policy transfer between China and Tanzania, focussing on the influence of linguistic and cultural discrepancies. It explores how African governments, particularly Tanzania, interpret and adapt Chinese policy concepts to align with their domestic priorities. The study employs a multi-method approach, including interviews, document analysis and literature review, to investigate the dynamics of Sino-Tanzanian relations. Findings reveal that while China's development and security discourses resonate with African policymakers, the semantic nuances and historical contexts of Chinese terms often lead to divergent interpretations. Despite several initiatives from China to infuse policy concepts into Tanzanian discourse, including projects such as a party leadership school and party-to-party dialogues, there are to date no successful adaptations or transfers of Chinese macro-policy concepts to Tanzania. The research highlights the critical role of language and cultural context in policy transfer processes, challenging the traditional view of passive policy reception in the Global South. It contributes to the broader understanding of policy transfer, emphasising the need to recognise the dynamic interplay of language, culture and political agency in the process. The study concludes with recommendations for recognising and addressing the interpretive challenges in international policy transfers to enhance mutual understanding and cooperation.
Policy Implications
- Enhance Capacity for Policy Analysis and Adaptation: Policymakers should thoroughly explore the underlying meanings of policy notions emerging from China, considering the complexities of its policy discourse. Building local expertise in policy analysis and adaptation is crucial. Expanding language programmes and cultural training can facilitate more accurate interpretations of Chinese policy ideas and intents, aiding in making informed decisions about collaborations and agreements.
- Encourage Open Dialogue and Transparency: It is vital to promote open dialogue and transparency in international collaborations, especially with China. This includes clearly communicating Tanzania's own policy positions, expectations and boundaries while actively seeking to understand China's policy language and underlying intentions. Additionally, fostering mutual understanding and cooperation between all international partners can enhance policy outcomes.
- Evaluate Long-Term Impacts of Policy Decisions: Regularly evaluate the impacts of adopted foreign policies. This should include assessments of economic, social and political outcomes to ensure that these policies align with Tanzania's developmental goals and its own foreign policy agenda. Comparative evaluations with policies influenced by all international partners can provide a balanced perspective.
- Realistic Assessment of Policy Influence: Recognise that both Western and Chinese influences shape the political discourse in Tanzania. While China's attempts to contribute to this discourse should be acknowledged, Western countries also play a significant role in promoting norms and ideas. Rather than demonising any specific set of concepts, it is important to critically assess all influences, focussing on how they can collectively contribute to democracy, good governance and sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa.
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